法律英文中常用的特色词汇和表达

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有关例句：(1). About “avoid “: In case of Party A’ failure to repay each loan due under this Agreement, Party B shall have the right to charge Party B the default interest on the undue amount of this loan and reserve the right to avoid this Agreement.

小结：对于这些词汇的辨析并非易事，需要通过语境分析，逻辑推理，进行具体分析。

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一、古旧词汇

1、有关“here\there\where---“词汇

1）、Please find the check enclosed herewith.请查收随函所附的支票。

2）Parties to this contract shall comply with all terms and conditions herein contained

合同方应该遵守本合同规定的条件和条款。

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3) Party B hereby irrevocably agrees that the countersigned Delivery Note shall serve immediately as the evidence that Party B has taken the delivery of the Goods specified hereunder and such a batch of Goods is in compliance with all requirements as set out in the commodity inspection standards.

乙方在此不可撤消地同意，交货单一会签，即可作为乙方已接收本合同约定的货物且该批货物符合商检标准要求的证明。

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4）As hereinbefore defined如前所规定----

Here words: hereafter（in the future, after this time,今后，此后）, hereby（by means of, 特此，在此）, herein（in this,在此中，于此中）, hereinafter（later in this document在下文）, hereinbefore（in a preceding part of this document, 在上文）, hereof（of this document, 在此中，本文件中）, hereto（to this, 对此）, herewith（with this, 同此一起）, hereunder（under this, 在此下面，在此之下） etc.

例3、If Party A fails to repay the amount of the loan on the day appointed for the repayment thereof.

如甲方未能按规定还款日期偿还任何贷款---。

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There words: thereafter(from that time on,此后 ), thereby(by that means,由此), therein（in that, 在那一点上，在那里）, thereon(thereupon, 随后), therefrom(from that, 从那里)， etc.

例4、1）、Whereas the Licensee desires to design, manufacture, sell and export by using Licensor’s know-how

鉴于受让方愿意使用许可方的专有技术设计、生产、销售以及出口---。

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2）IN WITNESS WHEREOF，the Parties have executed this Contract in 6 copies by their officially authorized representatives on ___ (the date).

作为所协议事项的证据，各方正式授权代表在---（日期）签署合同一式6份(或译：本合同由各方正式授权代表在---（日期）签署一式6份以资证明)

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Where words: whereas（鉴于,considering that）, whereof（of what/which, 关于那事）, whereby（through what/which ,凭那个）, whereat （as a result of what/which由此）etc.

“here\there\where---“结构分析：可以将这些词汇都看成代词”which“再将跟在其后的介词放在其之前，即：parties hereto, parties to which, parties to this contract.同理，例3当中的”

例5、1）、Parties hereto shall comply with the aforesaid conditions.

合同各方应该遵守前述本合同规定的条件。

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2）Party A shall furnish forthwith Party B with shipping instrument .

甲方应该向乙方发出装船通知。

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二、拉丁词

1）、“affidavit”, means “ a written statement of facts made voluntarily and confirmed by the affirmation of the party making it.”

2）、”ad hoc”, means “for this purpose”.

The parties made a formal negotiation and entered into an agreement ad hoc.

3）、”bona fide”, “真诚地”、“善意地”。

”bona fide claim”；”bona fide holder”；”bona fide purchaser”。

4）、”stare decisis”, means “precedents must be followed”.

小结：与英语联系最为紧密的有拉丁语、法语等，现今法律英语中保留大量拉丁词汇也就不足为奇。

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大量使用专门术语

“covenant”，可以指”合同“，”合同条款“，”合同中承诺履行义务的条款“等。

“principal”, “委托人”，“本人”。

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“specific performance”, “a court-ordered remedy that requires precise performance of a legal or contractual obligation when monetary damages are inadequate or inappropriate especially when the sale of rare article is involved”. “特定履行、”强制履行“。

“punitive damages”， “damages awarded in cases of serious or malicious wrong doing to punish the wrong –doer or deter others from behaving similarly”.“惩罚性赔偿“。相关概念还有：”compensatory damages”,

补偿性赔偿；“nominal damage”，“象征性赔偿”。

小结：术语具有非常明确的法律意义，可以准确表达复杂的法律概念，为法律执业者提供交流平台。

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三、使用可以变通含义的词汇

“all reasonable means“，”一切合理措施“；”due diligence”，”应尽的勤勉“（经常用于形容在某专门职业或与信托业务相关的事项履行时应有的注意义务程度）；” “due process”，”正当程序“；“undue influence”, “不当影响”。（说明：在交易当中向他人施加压力以阻止他人做出独立自由判断。在衡平法中，凡是利用这种手段得到的合同、馈赠或者其他利益都属无效。）

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使用具备绝对含义的词汇

Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not give evidence----commit an offence.

任何人籍恐吓、怂恿、或其他手段诱使证人或一方当事人不作证，即属犯罪。

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2）、No will or any part hereof shall be revoked.遗嘱或其任何部分均不得撤销。

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使用具有绝对限制含义的词汇例13 1）、shall not be deemed a consent不应视作同意；

2）shall not constitute a waiver不构成对权利的放弃。

3）、No failure or delay on our part to enforce any rights or remedies under this Contract or other security agreement shall constitute a waiver thereof by us or exclude any further enforcement of any other rights or remedies by us.

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4、使用含义宽泛，从而使不受限制的事物的范围更广的词汇。

例14、1）、If it is caused by occurrences beyond the control of the party affected, including but without limited to acts of governmental authority, acts of God—

小结：此类表达属于法律文件起草、翻译的务实举动，作者或翻译者担心有人争论所列事项是否已经完备，为求得保险，附加一条尾巴，以求避免理解上的分歧。

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四、累赘词

例16、(1) null and void（无效、作废）;

(2) acknowledge and confess;

(3) aid and abet（同谋）;

(4) alter and change;

(5) deem and consider;

(6) fair and equitable;

(7)devise and bequeath（动产遗赠，不动产遗赠）。?

小结：法律英语经常使用双式词（doublets），三联词（triplets），即两个或三个意思相同或者想近的词汇表达相同或近似词汇。主要是因为：

（1）、语言调和使然。英语发展历史中，经常出现两种甚至以上语言并存发展的情况，为调和语言冲突，不得不将两种或以上语言放在一起。比如：deem（英语） and consider（法语）; keep（英语）and maintain(法语)。

（2）、修辞的需要。经常使用头韵（alliteration）来强调事物。头韵，就是重复使用词首的语音。比如：”aid and abet”，”require and request”, “have and hold”.古代社会，语言如果被给予韵律，其传播、保留会更容易。

意义相同，就可“合二为一”，甚至“合三为一”

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法律英文中常用的特色词汇和表达（第二部分）

SPECIAL WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS IN LEGAL ENGLISH

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（3）、翻译的原因。许多法律文书过去直接翻译自拉丁文，英语的介词、冠词远远多于拉丁文。翻译成英语后法律文书自然会变的更加冗长。

（4）、追求精确的企图。法律语言在发展历史中，法律职业者似乎觉得法律语言越是冗长，便越是精确，越能够显示其执业时的严谨态度。

综上，传统的法律英语为表达法概念，显得严谨、庄重、但出于专业自恋的心理，有为严谨而严谨之嫌，表现在大量行话、古旧词语、甚至拉丁法律词汇的应用，给读者和翻译者带来不便。

1、起草法律文本：尽量避免使用古旧词、外来词等，除非该词汇具备普通英语不具备的特定法律概念，比如，“proximate cause”, “specific performance”.

（二）句法特点

一、使用完整句

由于法律文书结构的完整性和表意的严密性,在法律英语句子的使用中,一般采用主语、谓语都具备的完全主谓句,即完整句,通常不使用省略句,以免造成因省略或句子缺省而出现歧义讹误,甚至被人任意歪曲。

例17、"Invention" in the Patent Law means any new technical solution relating to a product, a process or an improvement thereof. "Utility Model" in the Patent Law means any new technical solution relating to the shape, the structure, or their combination, of a product, which is fit for practical use. "Design" in the Patent Law means any new design of the shape, pattern, color, or their combination, of a product, which creates an aesthetic feeling and is fit for industrial application.

通过例句我们知道,尽管在使用法律英语表述专利法中所指的发明,实用新型和外观设计的法律规定上,句型结构完全相同,谓语都使用了一般现在时动词means，但是却没有象我们在普通英语中那样,相同部分采用省略结构的形式,而是一次又一次地使用完全主谓句结构,以体现法律英语语言的严谨性和规范性,这样就能有效地将法律文书所要表述的内容完整地体现出来。

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二、长句频繁使用

法律英语的句法特点是和法律英语的文体特征密切相联的,正式的法律条规和文本中由于对中心词的限定过多,对某一法律概念成立的条件限定很多,所以法律英语的长句居多,短句少,造成法律英语长句多的原因主要有:

1、状语分句的使用 法律文书中关于义务部分的陈述是至关重要的,它是享受权利的前提和条件。在法律英语中关于义务的陈述表现在句子结构上,往往使用条件状语分句或让步状语分句,从而成为法律英语长句多的主要原因。

例18、If two or more applicants apply for registration of identical or similar trademarks for the same kind of goods or similar goods, the trademark whose registration was first applied for shall be given preliminary examination and approval and shall be publicly announced; if the applicants are filed on the same day, the trademark which was first used shall be given preliminary examination and approval and shall be publicly announced, and the applications of the others shall be rejected and shall not be publicly announced.

例19、When a party assigns, wholly or in part, its contractual rights and obligations to a third party, it must obtain the consent of the other party.

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2、关系分句的使用 法律英语中的长句的形成不仅来源于句首冗长而复杂的状语分句,也体现在句子内部起修饰、限制作用的各种关系分句中。

例20、Whoever selling deliberately a commodity whose registered trademark is falsely used, which constitutes a crime, in addition to making compensation for the losses suffered by the party whose right has been infringed shall be investigated for the criminal responsibility according to law.

例21、Each party hereby agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend the other Party from and against any and all claims, suits, losses, and disbursements arising out of any alleged or actual breach or failure to comply with the terms and conditions hereof including but without limitation to any infringement of the other Party’s intellectual property or other rights occurring as a result of the offending Party’s fault, omission or activities in connection with this Agreement.

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三、定语从句的频繁使用

法律英语较之普通英语更准确,限定更严谨所以限定性定语从句,这一必不可少的定语运用得比较普遍,而作为补充、说明、解释性的非限制性定语从句用得比较少。

例22、As a lawyer, your goal is to convert the facts from your client’s narrative into a legal claim that states a cause of action, or into a viable defense to plausible legal claims.

例23、Questions concerning matters governed by this convention which are not expressly settled in it are to be settled in conformity with the general principles on which it is based or, in the absence of such principles, in conformity with the law applicable by virtue of the rules of private international law.

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三、被动句频繁使用

法律英语句子中大量地使用被动句,是因为法律文书的客观性所决定的。在法律英语中使用被动句正是实现这一目的的一个重要手段,所以,在法律英语中被动句的使用真可谓缤纷繁多。

例24、The validity of an arbitration clause or an arbitration agreement shall not be affected by the modification, rescission, termination, invalidity, revocation or non-existence of the contract.

例25、These Rules are formulated in accordance with Arbitration Law of the People’s Republic of China and the provisions of the relevant laws and …

从以上例句分析,在法律英语中不仅可以将汉语中带有"被、让、由"等表被动意义的词的句子表述为被动句,而且还可以大量地将汉语中的主动句,无主句以及"是…的"判断句等用被动句来表示,构成了法律英语句型结构的又一大特色。

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